1. Capsid: Protein shell surrounding a viral genome, there are multiple shapes.
2. Viral Envelopes: Membrane that covers the capsid and encloses a viral genome.
3. Bacteriophages (phages): virus that infects bacteria.
4. Host Range: Range of host cells that each virus can infect/parasitize.
5. Lytic Cycle: Type of viral replication cycle that releases new phages by lysis of the host cell.
6. Virulent Phage: Phage that reproduces by lytic cycle.
7. Restriction Enzymes: A degradative enzyme that knows and cuts up DNA that is unknown to bacteria.
8. Lysogenic Cycle: A phage replication cycle that viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage but does not kill the host.
9. Temperate Phages: Phage enabled to reproducing both by lytic/ lysogenic cycle.
10. Prophage: Insertion into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome.
11. Retroviruses: RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and after inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome.
12. Reverse Transcriptase: Enzyme encoded by some viruses that use RNA (template) for DNA synthesis.
13. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Agent taht causes AIDS; retrovirus.
14. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): Known for specified reduction of T cells and secondary infections.
15. Vaccines: Variant that stimulates a host′s immune system to fight against the pathogen.
16. Viroids: A plant pathogen made of molecules of RNA only 100 or more nucleotides long.
17. Prions: An infectious form of protein
18. Nucleoid: Dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
19. Transformation: The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell.
20. Transduction: A DNA transfer process in which phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another.
21. Conjugation: Direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are joined.
22. F factor: A fertility factor in bacteria; a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient.
23. Plasmid: A small ring of DNA that carries genes from bacterial chromosome.
24. Episome: Genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid
25. F Plasmids: Plasmid form of the F factor.
26. R Plasmids: Bacterial plasmid carrying genes that resist to some antibiotics.
27. Transposable Elements: A segment of DNA that can move within the genome of a cell by means of a DNA or RNA intermediate.
28. Insertion Sequences: Transposable element, consisting of inverted repeats of DNA flanking a gene for transposase.
29. Transposons: A transposable element that moves within a genome by DNA intermediate.
30. Operator: Sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach.
31. Operon: Unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages.
32. Regulatory Gene: A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.
33. Corepressor : Molecule cooperates with a repressor protein to switch operon off.
34. Inducer: Inactivates the repressor in an operon.
35. Cyclic AMP (cAMP): Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring–shaped molecule made from ATP that signals molecule in eukaryotic cells.
36. Activator: A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription.
2. Viral Envelopes: Membrane that covers the capsid and encloses a viral genome.
3. Bacteriophages (phages): virus that infects bacteria.
4. Host Range: Range of host cells that each virus can infect/parasitize.
5. Lytic Cycle: Type of viral replication cycle that releases new phages by lysis of the host cell.
6. Virulent Phage: Phage that reproduces by lytic cycle.
7. Restriction Enzymes: A degradative enzyme that knows and cuts up DNA that is unknown to bacteria.
8. Lysogenic Cycle: A phage replication cycle that viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage but does not kill the host.
9. Temperate Phages: Phage enabled to reproducing both by lytic/ lysogenic cycle.
10. Prophage: Insertion into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome.
11. Retroviruses: RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and after inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome.
12. Reverse Transcriptase: Enzyme encoded by some viruses that use RNA (template) for DNA synthesis.
13. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Agent taht causes AIDS; retrovirus.
14. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): Known for specified reduction of T cells and secondary infections.
15. Vaccines: Variant that stimulates a host′s immune system to fight against the pathogen.
16. Viroids: A plant pathogen made of molecules of RNA only 100 or more nucleotides long.
17. Prions: An infectious form of protein
18. Nucleoid: Dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
19. Transformation: The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell.
20. Transduction: A DNA transfer process in which phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another.
21. Conjugation: Direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are joined.
22. F factor: A fertility factor in bacteria; a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient.
23. Plasmid: A small ring of DNA that carries genes from bacterial chromosome.
24. Episome: Genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid
25. F Plasmids: Plasmid form of the F factor.
26. R Plasmids: Bacterial plasmid carrying genes that resist to some antibiotics.
27. Transposable Elements: A segment of DNA that can move within the genome of a cell by means of a DNA or RNA intermediate.
28. Insertion Sequences: Transposable element, consisting of inverted repeats of DNA flanking a gene for transposase.
29. Transposons: A transposable element that moves within a genome by DNA intermediate.
30. Operator: Sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach.
31. Operon: Unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages.
32. Regulatory Gene: A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.
33. Corepressor : Molecule cooperates with a repressor protein to switch operon off.
34. Inducer: Inactivates the repressor in an operon.
35. Cyclic AMP (cAMP): Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring–shaped molecule made from ATP that signals molecule in eukaryotic cells.
36. Activator: A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription.
